Nursing Research and Statistics
1. Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate the strongest relationship between anxiety and the ability to concentrate?
a) r = 0.30
b) r = -0.30
c) r = +0.90
d) r = -1.30
Answer: r = +0.90
Explanation: The coefficient that is closest to 1 or -1 indicates the strongest association. In this case, the strongest reliable correlation is r= +0.90.
2. Which ______ percent confidence interval will be the wildest for a particular data set that includes exactly 500 cases?
a) 99%
b) 95%
c) 90%
d) None of the above
Answer: 99%
Explanation: Since it expresses the greatest degree of uncertainty while maintaining confidence in the outcome, a 99% confidence interval is the largest.
3. To analyze the relationship between blood pressure and height in a sample of students, we could use?
a) Paired t-test
b) Correlation coefficient
c) Chi-squared test
d) Two sample t-test
Answer: Correlation coefficient
Explanation: The degree and direction of the association between two continuous variables are ascertained using a correlation coefficient. Nursing Research and Statistics.
4. Normal distribution curve is determined using?
a) Mean and sample
b) Mean and median
c) Median and standard deviation
d) Mean and standard deviation
Answer: Mean and standard deviation
Explanation: The mean and standard deviation define a normal distribution curve.
5. Correlation is a procedure used to determine if?
a) X comes before Y
b) X causes Y
c) X and Y are different
d) X and Y vary together
Answer: X and Y vary together
Explanation: The degree to which two variables vary together is measured by correlation. Correlation measures the direction and degree of a link, not causality or order.
6. One use of a regression line is?
a) To determine if any x-values are outliers
b) To determine if any y-values are outliers
c) To determine if a change in x causes a change in y
d) To estimate the change in y for a one-unit change in x
Answer: To estimate the change in y for a one-unit change in x
Explanation: A regression line is used to predict the change in the dependent variable (y) for a given change in the independent variable (x).
7. What is the effect of an outliner on the value of a correlation coefficient?
a) An outlier will always decrease a correlation coefficient
b) An outlier will always increase a correlation coefficient
c) An outlier might either decrease or increase a correlation coefficient, depending on where it is in relation to the other points.
d) An outlier will have no effect on a correlation coefficient.
Answer: An outlier might either decrease or increase a correlation coefficient, depending on where it is in relation to the other points.
8. Which of the following statements is true concerning correlation?
a) A correlation is always between -2 and 2, a zero value indicates no clustering towards line
b) A correlation is always between -2 and 2, a zero value indicates all points on line
c) A correlation is always between -1 and 1, a zero value indicates no clustering towards line
d) A correlation is always between -1 and 1, a zero value indicates all points on line
Answer: A correlation is always between -1 and 1, a zero value indicates all points on line
Explanation: Correlation value range between -1 and 1. A zero correlation indicates that there is no linear relationship between the variables, meaning the points do not follow a pattern and could appear on a horizontal line if plotted.
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9. Past data have shown that the regression line relating the final exam score and the midterm score for students who take statistics from a certain professor is:
Final exam = 50 + 0.5 x Midterm
One interpretation of the slope is?
a) A student who scored 0 on the midterm would be predicted to score 50 on the final exam
b) A student who scored 0 on the final exam would be predicted to score 50 on the midterm exam
c) A student who scored 10 points higher than another student on the midterm would be predicted to score 5 points higher than the other student on the final exam
d) Students only receive half as much credit (0.5) for a correct answer on the final exam compared to a correct answer on the midterm exam.
Answer: A student who scored 10 points higher than another student on the midterm would be predicted to score 5 points higher than the other student on the final exam
Explanation: The slope (0.5) indicates that for every 10-point increase in the midterm score, the final exam score if predicted to by 5 points. Nursing Research and Statistics.
10. The correlation value falls on a scale between?
a) +2 to -2
b) +1 to -1
c) -0.5 to +0.5
d) 0 to 1
Answer: +1 to -1
11. The goal of ________ is to focus on summarizing and explaining a specific set of data?
a) Inferential statistics
b) Descriptive statistics
c) Risk indexes
d) All of the above
Answer: Descriptive statistics
Explanation: Descriptive statistics summarize data without drawing conclusions about a larger population.
12. The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Answer: Mode
Explanation: The mode is the value that appears most often in a date set.
13. What is the median of the following set of scores, 18,6,12,10,14?
a) 10
b) 14
c) 18
d) 12
Answer: 12
Explanation: When arranged in order, the middle value of the set is 12. Nursing Research and Statistics.
14. _________ are used when you want to visually examine the relationship between two quantitative variables?
a) Bar graphs
b) Pie graphs
c) Line graphs
d) Scatterplots
Answer: Scatterplots
Explanation: Scatterplots show the relationship between two quantitative variables on an x-y axis.
15. The _________ is often the preferred measure of central tendency if the data are severely skewed?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Answer: Median
Explanation: The median is less affected by extreme values in skewed date.
16. Which of the following is not a measure of variability?
a) Median
b) Variance
c) Standard variation
d) Range
Answer: Median
Explanation: The median measures central tendency, not variability. In nursing statistics, variability measures how much data (like patient vital signs) differ from each other. It helps nurses understand change inn patient conditions and make better care decisions.
17. Which of the following is the formula for range?
a) H + L
b) L x H
c) L – H
d) H – L
Answer: H – L
Explanation: The range is calculated by subtracting the lowest value from the highest value. In nursing statistics, range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset, like a patient’s blood pressure readings. It helps show how much a patient’s condition or measurement varies over time.
18. Which of the following is an example of nominal data?
a) Number of people in a course
b) Cancer staging scale
c) Types of employment among rural dwellers
d) Heart rate
Answer: Types of employment among rural dwellers
Explanation: Nominal data classifies data into categories without a numerical order. In nursing statistics, nominal data refers to categories or labels that have or labels that have no specific order, like blood (A, B, AB, O) or gender (male, female). It helps classify patients or characteristics into distinct groups for easier analysis. Nursing Research and Statistics.
19. Calculate the approximate mean and standard deviation (SD) for the following data: 25, 7, 22, 33, 18, 15?
a) 20 and 8.2 respectively
b) 20 and 8.9 respectively
c) 120 and 7.9 respectively
d) 120 and 8.9 respectively
Answer: 20 and 8.2 respectively
Mean: Add all the numbers and divide by the count
Standard Deviation
• Subtract the mean (20) from each number
• Square the results
• Find the average of those squares
• Take the square root
So, the mean is 20 and the standard deviation approximately 8.9
20. As a general rule, the _______ is the best measure of central tendency because it is more precise?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Answer: Mean
Explanation: The mean considers all data points, providing a precise average.
21. Which of the following is not the types of descriptive statistics?
a) Measure of frequency
b) Measure of central tendency
c) Measures of dispersion
d) Analysis of variance
Answer: Analysis of variance
Explanation: Analysis of variance is an inferential statistic, not descriptive. Nursing Research and Statistics.
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22. Which of the following is not the way to measure the central tendency of the set of data?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Standard deviation
Answer: Standard deviation
Explanation: Standard deviation measures variability, not central tendency. In nursing statistics, central tendency refers to measures that show the typical or average value in a dataset, such as the mean, median or mode. It helps nurses understand the common trends in patient data, like average heart rate or blood pressure.
23. The average that is used to derive the central tendency of the data is called?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Standard deviation
Answer: Mean
Explanation: The mean is the arithmetic average of set of numbers.
24. The value of correlation is reported by a researcher to be r = -0.5. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) The x-variable explains 25% of the variability in the y-variable.
b) The x-variable explains -25% of the variability in the y-variable.
c) The x-variable explains 50% of the variability in the y-variable.
d) The x-variable explains -50% of the variability in the y-variable.
Answer: The x-variable explains 25% of the variability in the y-variable.
Explanation: The coefficient of determination (r2) explains the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable. With r = -0.5, r2 is 0.25, meaning 25% of the variability in the y-variable is explained by the x-variable. Nursing Research and Statistics.
25. The middle value of a set of numbers or data points is called as?
a) Average
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Standard deviation
Answer: Median.